ASTROMETRY NETWORK
1. OVERVIEW
Through the dedicated efforts of a great many individuals, the Astrometry
Network of the International Halley Watch (IHW) successfully carried out its
goal of coordinating astrometric observations of comet Halley and archiving
the collected data. The astrometric data were used to update continually the
orbit of Halley's comet with the resulting ephemerides being made available to
a wide community of researchers to make observations using ground-based, Earth
orbital, and interplanetary instruments. Astrometric data were received via
telegram, Telex, electronic mail message, computer-to-computer links as well
as by telephone and postal delivery. Many observers went to extraordinary
efforts to see that their data were reduced and transmitted to the orbit
determination center within the shortest possible time. Some of these
observations were less than a day old when received at the data collection
center at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). These outstanding efforts were
most obvious just prior to the spacecraft encounters of comet Halley in early
March 1986. As an example of the personal efforts that made the Astrometry
Network a success, we note that an English amateur astronomer often took
astrometric photographs, measured the images, reduced the measurements into
positional data and telephoned the information to JPL before finally going to
bed.
As of mid-1989, a total of 6475 astrometric observations of comet Halley
covering the interval from October 16, 1982 through January 9, 1989 had been
reported to the Astrometry Network. These observations resulted from efforts
by 430 observers working at 148 observatories throughout the world. It is a
credit to the IHW Astrometry Network members that 90% of the data received
were used in the comet's most recent orbit updates. Lists of the
participating observers and observatories are given in Sec. III of the
Astrometry Network Appendix. The members of the Discipline Specialist Team of
the Astrometry Network are listed in Table I below.
Table I. Discipline Specialist Team of the Astrometry Network
___________________________________________________________________________
Team Member Affiliation Responsibility
___________________________________________________________________________
Donald K. Yeomans Systems Division Discipline
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Specialist
California Inst. of Technology
Pasadena, CA 91109
U.S.A.
Richard M. West European Southern Observatory Discipline
D-8046 Garching bei Munchen Specialist
Federal Republic of Germany
Robert S. Harrington U.S. Naval Observatory Discipline
Washington, DC 20392 Specialist
U.S.A.
Brian G. Marsden Harvard-Smithsonian Center Discipline
for Astrophysics Specialist
Cambridge, MA 02138
U.S.A.
Paul W. Chodas Systems Division Computer Software
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cognizant
Michael S. Keesey Systems Division Data Reduction
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cognizant
Ravenel N. Wimberly Sterling Software Communications
Palo Alto, CA 94303 Cognizant
U.S.A.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. PREPARATIONS FOR OBSERVING PROGRAMS
In preparation for the extensive observations of comet Halley, IHW Hand-
books were issued giving circumstances, brightness predictions and ephemeris
information (Yeomans 1981; Yeomans 1983). Updated ephemeris information was
distributed to all IHW members in periodic Newsletters and self-contained,
two-body ephemeris generation computer software was made available to IHW
Discipline Specialists enabling them to generate accurate ephemeris
information from frequently updated orbital elements. Up-to-date orbital
elements were maintained in the IHW electronic mail system. Visual stellar
occultation predictions were provided by Bowell and Wasserman (1985) and also
by Dunham, De Pater et al. (1985) provided occultation predictions for radio
sources.
R.M. West hosted an Astrometry Network Workshop at the European Southern
Observatory in June 1984. Experts in the field presented papers on modern
techniques for making astrometric observations, using star catalogs, reducing
plates as well as computing orbits. At the conclusion of the Workshop,
recommendations were made in each of these areas to assist those wishing to
make contributions. The Workshop Proceedings were printed and distributed to
each Astrometry Network member to serve as a useful guide (Yeomans et al.
1984).
3. FLIGHT PROJECT SUPPORT
The critical nature of astrometric data, in support of the various flight
projects, was recognized at the inception of the IHW since uncertainties in
the comet's ephemeris would dominate spacecraft targeting errors at the
encounters with Halley. These ephemeris errors are due to imperfectly modeled
nongravitational forces acting upon the comet's nucleus, systematic offsets
between the measured center of light and the comet's (unseen) center of mass,
errors in the existing star catalogs used in reducing the data and non-
standard imaging and data reduction techniques.
It was critically important to provide for the rapid communication of up-
to-date Halley astrometric data to the flight project orbit-determination
centers at the European Space Operations Center (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Federal
Republic of Germany, and the Space Research Institute (IKI) in Moscow,
U.S.S.R. Accurate spacecraft targeting relied upon the use of recent
astrometric data to improve constantly the knowledge of the comet's orbital
motion. Astrometric data and recent IHW orbit updates were transmitted from
JPL to ESOC via a direct computer-to-computer link and these data were, in
turn, transmitted to IKI via a direct ESOC-IKI data line. This latter line
was also important for the success of the Pathfinder navigation effort (Munch
et al. 1986). Mention must also be made of the considerable help from Dr.
B.G. Marsden and D.W.E. Green at the IAU immediately relaying astrometric data
of comet Halley, via an electronic mail service, to the IHW orbit
determination center at JPL. Astrometric data and recent orbits were also
sent, via telex, from JPL to the Soviet astrometric center in Kiev, U.S.S.R.
Y.S. Yatskiv and S.P. Major then forwarded this information directly to Moscow
for a redundant flow of information to the VEGA flight project. The
astrometric data were used by the Giotto and VEGA comet Halley flight projects
to update existing cometary ephemerides; orbital parameters of Halley's comet
provided by the Astrometry Network were used for comparisons with similar
efforts by ESOC and IKI. Halley ephemeris data were also provided to the
flight projects of the Japanese Sakigake and Suisei spacecraft, as well as the
spacecraft flight projects for the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Solar Maximum
Mission, and the International Ultraviolet Explorer.
4. DATA REDUCTIONS
Beginning with the work of Marsden et al. (1973), the obvious rocket-like
thrusting, or nongravitational effects, affecting the motions of active comets
has been successfully represented using a model based upon the sublimation of
water ice. Because a solution for nongravitational effects in comet Halley's
motion requires astrometric data from at least three apparitions (Yeomans
1977), an effort was made to improve the existing data from 1835-36 and 1909-
11, as well as to provide accurate reductions during the current apparition.
For this apparition, improved reference star catalogs were generated and all
data were reduced to a consistent coordinate system (FK4, equinox 1950.0).
4.1 Improvement of the 1835-36 and 1909-11 Astrometric Data
Morley (1983) used the SAO star catalog to improve upon the positions
taken at Cordoba, Argentina, during 1909-11, and Vashtova and Latinov (1984)
reduced a few 1910 Tashkent observations using more modern star catalogs.
Complete re- measurements and reductions were done by Klare et al. (1983) for
some of the 1909-11 Heidelberg plates, and by Bowell (1982) for some of the
1910-11 Lowell Observatory plates that had never been used for astrometric
positions. Pereyra and West (1984) re-measured approximately 70 plates taken
at Cordoba in 1910, and Roeser (1984) and Roeser and Morley (1985) re-reduced
many of the 1835-36 and 1909-11 visual data on comet Halley using modern
reference star catalogs.
4.2 Star Catalog Improvement
In order to provide accurate reference stars for the reduction of the
astrometric data, special comet Halley star catalogs were generated and
distributed to all Network members. Reference star catalogs were distributed
in printed form, on magnetic tape and on micro computer disks (in 18 different
formats and sizes!). R.S. Harrington, of the U.S. Naval Observatory,
coordinated all star catalog efforts for the Astrometry Network. For a degree
on either side of the comet's celestial path, A.R. Klemola, B.F. Jones, S.P.
Francic, E.A. Harlan and T. Nakajima used plates taken with the Lick
Observatory astrograph and compiled a Lick Observatory reference star catalog
that required measurements and reductions for 5148 stars covering the path of
comet Halley from January 1984 until late October 1985. The stars were mostly
in the visual magnitude range 13-14 and all were in the range 11-15. Their
density was approximately 30-40 stars per square degree, the reference catalog
used was the AGK3R and the approximate mean epoch was 1983.2 (equinox B1950).
For the period from November 1985 till January 1986, AGK3 stars were used for
the Halley catalog that was distributed in advance and N. Zacharias and C. de
Vegt provided, in early 1986, an improved catalog (reduced with respect to the
AGK3N) for this same time period. For the critical period just prior to and
during the spacecraft encounters (January through mid-March 1986), the U.S.
Naval Observatory generated a special supplemental star catalog from transit
circle observations with some additional positions being determined from a set
of overlapping plates taken with their twin 20 cm astrograph (Holdenried and
Crull 1986).
5. DATA PROCESSING
Comet Halley astrometric data, received by the orbit determination center
at JPL, were processed before being archived and sent onto ESOC< FRG, and
Kiev, U.S.S.R. The processing included assigning an ephemeris time to the
observed UTC time, assignment of the observatory's coordinates, and correcting
for the small effects of elliptic aberration. On January 1, 1984, the
International Astronomical Union formally switched from using Ephemeris Time
(ET) to Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT) for the time scale of ephemerides for
observations made from the Earth's surface. To the level of the observational
accuracy, these two time scales can be considered equal and continuous. Once
verified and weighted, the observations were stored in reverse chronological
order on the JPL master data file for use by the orbit determination program.
This latter program takes into account the comet's nongravitational
perturbations, as well as planetary perturbations, at each time step. The
local error allowed at each time step can be input and the time steps of the
numerical integration are va- ried to limit the local error to the input
tolerance. The partial derivatives of the observables are integrated
numerically along with the comet's equations of motion. To be consistent with
the various flight projects to Comet Halley and Giacobini-Zinner, the comet's
equations of motion also include general relativistic effects by means of the
parameterized space-time metric of the Eddington-Robertson-Schiff formalism.
The orbit determination program uses a batch processed, weighted least squares
technique and can store and employ a priori information matrices and map
covariance matrices to specified epochs.
6. COMET HALLEY OBSERVATION SETS
The sets of observations used in the various comet Halley orbit
determination solutions are given in Table II. The columns in this table give
the time interval covered by the observations, the total number of
observations from each apparition used in the computations, the number of
observatories contributing observations, and the root mean square (rms) data
noise used in the weighting of the data.
Table II. Observation Schedule for Comet Halley
______________________________________________________________________
Number Number rms data
Observation Interval of obser- of obser- noise
vations vatories (arcsec)
______________________________________________________________________
Jan. 9, 1989 - Oct. 16, 1982 6475 148 1.0
May 30, 1911 - Aug. 29, 1909 1696 34 1.5-3.0
Apr. 15, 1836 - Aug. 21, 1835 158 5 2.0-5.5
June 3, 1759 - Jan. 23, 1759 206 5 31.5
Sep. 19, 1682 - Aug. 30, 1682 13 1 35
Oct. 23, 1607 - Sep. 28, 1607 9 3 300
______________________________________________________________________
The data noise during the 1909-11 apparition depended not only upon the skill
of the observers, but also upon whether the photographic plates had been
remeasured (1.5 arcsec) or whether the available observations had only been
rereduced using more modern star catalogs (2.0-3.0 arcsec). For the 1835-36
apparition, the observations of F.W. Bessel at Konigsberg were assigned a
noise value of 2.0 arcsec, those of F.G.W. Struve at Dorpat 2.8 arcsec, T.
Maclear at the Cape of Good Hope and J. Encke at Berlin 4.5 arcsec, and B.
Nicolai at Mannheim 5.5 arcsec. After being re-reduced by Roeser (1984, 1987)
and by Roeser and Morley (1985), many of the 1835-36 and 1909-11 positions
were kindly forwarded from ESOC to JPL by T. Morley. In addition to the 1982-
89 astrometric data on the digital IHW Astrometry archive, the 1835-36 and
1909-11 astrometric data are included as well. Although detailed information
on the observers and observing conditions is necessarily absent from these
early data sets, all data have been re-reduced to be consistent with the 1982-
89 data. In large part, the availability of the 1835-36 and 1909-11 data is
due to the considerable efforts of S.F. Roeser of the Astronomisches Rechen-
Institut in Heidelberg.
Observations with orbit residuals smaller than three standard deviations
(3-sigma) of the root mean square (rms) residual were given an accept code (A)
and employed in the weighted least squares differential correction procedure
that was used to update the comet's existing orbit. Data with residuals
greater than 3-sigma were given a delete code (D) and, if they retained this
code during subsequent orbital updates, they were not included in these
updates. Data from 1982-89 with residuals exceeding 10 arcsec were not
included in the master data file. Once verified, the astrometric data were
put into the proper format and added to the master data file. The master data
file was then used to write the IHW archive on magnetic tapes in FITS format
(Sec. II of Astrometry Appendix). These tapes, in turn, were used to generate
the digital Astrometry archive on compact optical disks.
7. ARCHIVING
Once received at JPL, the IHW astrometric data were entered into a master
data file in reverse chronological order. This file was updated whenever new
data arrived and the updated files were used to generate a total of 61 orbital
solutions using data that spanned the interval from August 21, 1835 through
the most current astrometric observation then residing in the file. The five
line format of this master data file is outlined in Tables II and III below.
Once the master data file was completed and verified, the data from August 21,
1835 through January 9, 1989 were written in FITS format to a magnetic tape.
7.1 Astrometry FITS Header Description and Data Record Format
Each astrometric observation in the FITS format consists of one file that
includes header information (36 records of 80 ASCII bytes each) followed by
the data themselves (another 36 records of 80 bytes each). A hypothetical
header is used as an example in Table III below.
Table III. Header Keyword Information
______________________________________
Keyword and Its Content
______________________________________
SIMPLE = T
BITPIX = 8
NAXIS = 1
NAXIS1 = 2880
OBJECT = 'P/HALLEY'
FILE-NUM= 102008
DATE-OBS= '12/ 8/85'
TIME-OBS= 0.88403
DATE-REL= '26/ 9/89'
DISCIPLN= 'ASTROMETRY'
LONG-OBS= '116/ 8/24'
LAT--OBS= '-32/00/30'
EQUINOX = 'B1950.0'
SYSTEM = '18070000'
OBSERVER= 'CANDY,M.P ET AL.'
SUBMITTR= 'WIMBERLY,R.N'
SPEC-EVT= F
DAT-FORM= 'ASCII '
COMMENT ADD. OBS.: SMITH,P/DOE,J
COMMENT NOTES: VERY FAINT IMAGE
END
______________________________________
The header key words SIMPLE, BITPIX, NAXIS, NAXIS1, OBJECT, DISCIPLN,
EQUINOX, SUBMITTR, SPEC-EVT, and DAT-FORM do not change from file to file for
the Astrometry Network data. SIMPLE is a logical type (L) and conforms to
basic FITS standards. BITPIX, NAXIS, NAXIS1 are integers (I) denoting,
respectively, the number of bits per pixel in the data record, the number of
axes in the data record and the number of pixels in the first axis row.
OBJECT is a character field (C), giving the name of the object. FILE-NUM (I)
begins with the integer "1" that identifies the Astrometry Network. The
following five digits represent a unique sequential number used to identify
the file. DATE-OBS (C) and TIME-OBS (real variable) give, respectively, the
UT date (dd/mm/yy) and decimal fraction of a day. DATE-REL (C) is the date
when the data were released to the IHW Lead Center and DISCIPLN (C) denotes
the IHW discipline reporting the data.
LONG-OBS and LAT--OBS give the east longitude (ddd/mm/ss) of the
observatory and its geographic (geodetic) latitude (sdd/mm/ss). When the
geographic latitude was not available, we computed it from the parallax
factors listed in each of our observation records. However, the parallax
factors carry only enough significant figures to allow the geographic latitude
to be computed to a few arcmin so that, in this case, we have rounded off the
latitude to the nearest arcmin and placed zeros in the arcsec location.
EQUINOX (C) identifies the origin of the equatorial coordinate system used for
the astrometric data; for each record, the FK4-1950.0 origin has been
abbreviated as B1950.0.
SYSTEM (C) is the system code in which the leading digit (1) identifies
the Astrometry Network and the following three digits are a unique code for
the reporting observatory (see Table VI). The trailing four digits are zeroes
for the Astrometry Network. OBSERVER (C) gives the name(s) of the
observer(s), last name first followed by the initial(s) of their first (and
middle) name(s) (see Tables VI and VII). The observers are separated by a
slash (/), whereas ET AL. indicates that additional observers (ADD. OBS.) are
listed after the COMMENTS keyword. Problems with the observation or data
reduction process also are iden- tified after a keyword COMMENTS. SUBMITTR
(C) is R.N. Wimberly as the person who prepared the original data archive tape
and submitted it to the IHW Lead Center at JPL. The SPEC-EVT (L) keyword is
not used in the Astrometry Network. DAT-FORM (C) describes the format of the
FITS data record, which for Astrometry is to be interpreted as logical records
of 80 ASCII characters.
Following each FITS header record, there are five rows for each
astrometric position reported. The first line lists the time (Julian date in
ephemeris time) of the observation and the reported right ascension (hr, min,
s) and the declination (deg, arcmin, arcsec). The first character of the
second line is either an A or D, indicating whether the observation was
accepted for, or deleted from, the final orbital solution. The second column
of the second line contains either a blank or a code indicating the image
quality. This code--C, D, S, and T--specifies whether the image is centrally
condensed, diffuse, stellar, or trailed. An X code indicates that the
observation is semi-accurate. The quality code is followed by the reported
observation time (calendar date, UTC), by the ET-UTC correction in tenths of a
second (Table VIII), and by the right ascension and declination that are
corrected for the small effects of elliptic aberration. The right ascension
and declination are referred to the mean equator and equinox of 1950.0. Next
on the second line is the observatory code (see Table IV) followed by the
observatory's east longitude (deg) and by the parallax factors used to convert
the computed geocentric positions to the topocentric observed positions. The
last two entries on the second line are the 1-sigma standard deviations of the
measurement noise (arcsec) for the right ascension and declination; these
values are used to form weights in the orbit determination process. The third
line in the data record contains the name(s) of the observer(s), the name of
the observatory, and the reported values for the total and nuclear magnitudes.
When no magnitude was reported, a valuse of 99.0 fills this field. The fourth
line in the data record begins with a reference which specifies how, or from
whom, the data were obtained. The remainder of line 4 and all of line 5
contain further information on the observation, including any problems
encountered, as well as additional observers involved whose names were not
listed on line three. An example in Table IV illustrates the five-line
Astrometry format, which is described in Table V.
Table IV. Example of Astrometry Data Record
__________________________________________________________________________
2446290.38467 55914.61+19 4 9.3
A 1985 812.88403 552 55914.59+19 4 9.3 323 116.14-362 225 1.0 1.0
CANDY,M.P ET AL. PERTH OBSERVATORY, BICKLEY 15.00 99.0
IAU CENTRAL BUREAU FILE TRANSFER 9-18-85
ADDITIONAL OBSERVERS: SMITH,P/DOE,J ;!VERY FAINT IMAGE!
__________________________________________________________________________
Table V. Five-line Astrometry format
________________________________________________________________________
Columns Description
________________________________________________________________________
Line 1:
1-13 Julian ephemeris day: xxxxxxx.xxxxx (Field length = 13, number
of decimal places = 5)
14-21 Blank
22-30 Right ascension (hr, min, s), hhmmss.ss
31-39 Declination (sign, deg, arcmin, arcsec), sddmmss.s
Line 2:
1 Accept code (A for accept, or D for delete)
2 Image quality code
3-16 UTC time of observation, yyyymmdd.ddddd
17 Blank
18-20 ET-UTC, nnn (552 = 55.2 s)
21 Blank
22-30 Right ascension, hhmmss.ss
31-39 Declination, sddmmss.s
40 Blank
41-43 Observatory code, nnn
44 Blank
45-50 East longitude of observatory, ddd.dd
51-58 Observatory parallax factors DXY and DZ, snnnsnnn (cf. Note)
59 Blank
60-65 Right ascension data RMS in arcsec, ssss.s
66 Blank
67-72 Declination data RMS in arcsec, ssss.s
Line 3:
1- 2 Blank
3-26 Name(s) of observer(s)
27 Blank
28-63 Name of observatory
64 Blank
65-69 Total visual magnitude estimate, xx.xx
70 Blank
71-74 Nuclear magnitude estimate, xx.x
Lines 4 and 5:
1- 2 Blank
3-80 Supplemental information, character field of width 78
________________________________________________________________________
Note: The parallax factors listed on line 2 are denoted DXY and DZ and are
used to transform the Earth-Sun vector from a geocentric origin to one that is
topocentric:
DXY = -426.35E-07 * RHO * cos(LAT),
DZ = -426.35E-07 * RHO * sin(LAT),
where 426.35E-07 is the Earth's mean equatorial radius in AU, RHO the
geocentric distance of the observatory in units of mean equatorial radii, and
LAT the geocentric latitude of the observatory.
7.2 Observers and Observatories Participating in the Astrometry Network
Observatories that provided astrometric data for comet Halley are listed
in Table VI. Following the numeric code number of each observatory is its
name and the total number of observations received. Under each observatory
name is an alphabetical list of the observers and the total number of
observations which they contributed. In Table VII the observers are listed in
alphabetical order followed by the codes of the observatories where they
observed and by the total number of observations they made. Differences
between the ephemeris time (ET) and the UTC time applied to the observations
of comet Halley are presented in Table VIII. The first column shows the date
on which the ET-UTC differences changed values by +1 s.
Table VI. Observer List by Observatory
________________________________________________________________________
Observatory Total Number of Observations
Code Observatory and Observers ----------------------------
At Observatory By Observer
________________________________________________________________________
6 Fabra Observatory 190
Barcelona, Spain
Cepa, J. 1
Codina, J.M. 123
Heras, A.M. 1
Hernandez, M. 13
Moreno, M. 11
Nunez, J. 40
Sanchez, F. 1
10 CERGA 6
Caussols, France
Bartheleme, A. 5
Heudier, J. 5
Le Fevre, O. 1
Pollas, C. 6
12 Uccle Observatory 30
Uccle, Brussels, Belgium
Debehogne, H. 22
Pauwels, T. 20
17 Hoher List Observatory 36
Hoher List
Federal Republic of Germany
Elst, E. 14
Geffert, D. 5
Geffert, M. 21
Geyer, E. 14
Haenel, A. 34
20 Nice 1
France
Benest, D. 1
22 Pino Torinese 64
Torino, Italy
Ferreri, W. 29
Massone, G. 35
24 State Observatory at Konigstuhl 8
Heidelberg
Federal Republic of Germany
Goerze, M. 1
Gorze, U. 2
Kiefer, E. 2
Kiefer, P. 2
Madejsky, R. 1
Mandel, H. 8
Mandel, U. 1
Schiffer, H.J. 5
26 Berne-Zimmerwald 20
Berne, Switzerland
Wild, P. 20
33 Karl Schwarzschild Observatory 25
Tautenburg
German Democratic Republic
Boerngen, F. 25
Ludwig, F. 13
Mau, K.H. 12
Tanzer, G. 10
45 Vienna (since 1879) 33
Austria
Jackson, P. 33
46 Klet Observatory 283
Ceske Budejovice
Czechoslovakia
Landgraf, W. 6
Mrkos, A. 267
Vavrova, Z. 32
47 Poznan 25
Poland
Czelusniak, H. 1
Gromadzinski, M. 3
Hurnik, H.H. 2
Matz, D. 11
Ochnik, R. 5
Swierkowska, S. 9
49 Uppsala-Kvistaberg 14
Uppsala, Sweden
Lagerkvist, C.I. 14
Oja, T. 14
51 Cape of Good Hope 100
South Africa
Churms, J. 83
Roberts, G. 17
56 Skalnate Pleso Observatory 128
Skalnate Pleso
Czechoslovakia
Cervak, G. 110
Kornos, L. 41
Rychtarcik, P. 110
Svoren, J. 47
57 Belgrade 35
Yugoslavia
Olevic, D. 1
Protitch-Benishek, V. 34
61 Uzhgorod 88
U.S.S.R.
Galas, T.Y. 37
Goroshchak, I.I. 81
Gvardionov, A.B. 9
Ignatovich, S.I. 72
Polishchuk, N.D. 73
Vorinka, S.I. 27
63 Turku-Tuorla 12
Finland
Haarala, S. 6
Lappalainen, T. 6
Niemi, A. 12
Piironen, J. 6
Sillanpaa, A. 6
69 Baldone (near Riga) 70
U.S.S.R.
Alksnis, A.K. 26
Eglitis, I.E. 14
Grasberg, E.K. 17
Ozolinya, V. 29
Platajs, I.K. 23
Pundure, I. 2
Rydzinskis, A. 3
Urgitis, I.I. 16
71 Sofia 114
Bulgaria
Bonev, T. 21
Cirova, H. 16
Georgieva, A. 62
Ivanova, V. 107
Kirova, H. 17
Major, S.P. 5
Radeva, V. 12
Shkodrov, V. 98
73 Bucharest 4
Romania
Alexiu, A. 2
Bocsa, G. 2
75 Tartu 4
U.S.S.R
Maazik, M. 4
Raudsaar, X. 4
83 Central Astrophysical Observatory 58
Golosseevo-Kiev, U.S.S.R.
Golovnya, V.V. 12
Ivashchenko, Y.N. 10
Izhakevich, E.M. 13
Kaltygina, S.V. 1
Kizyun, L.N. 1
Ledovskaya, I.V. 7
Major, S.P. 9
Safronov, Y.I. 9
Sereda, E.M. 11
Shatokhina, S.V. 15
Sizonenko, Y.V. 5
Yatsenko, A.I. 1
84 Pulkovo Observatory 40
Leningrad, U.S.S.R.
Bobylyev, V.V. 3
Bronikova, N.M. 7
Kiseleva, T.P. 8
Kiselyev, A.A. 8
Lepeshnikova, S.A. 16
Narizhnaya, M.V. 3
85 Kiev University Observatory 28
Kiev, U.S.S.R.
Churyumov, K.I. 5
Smirnova, K.E. 2
Telnyuk, V.V. 25
87 Helwan 10
Egypt
Bagus, B.B. 10
Bakhtigaraev, N.S. 10
El-Khilali, Y. 10
Tovadrus, M.Y. 10
89 Nikolaev 194
U.S.S.R.
Gorel, G.K. 67
Gudkova, L.A. 21
Kalinenkov, N.D. 93
Voronenko, V.I. 128
90 Mainz 5
Federal Republic of Germany
Landgraf, W. 4
Riemann, R. 5
91 St. Etienne 14
France
Chanal, R. 14
92 Torun-Piwnice Observatory 26
Poland
Antal, M. 19
Krawczyk, S. 24
Muciek, M. 20
Woszczyk, A. 11
93 Skibotn Observatory 37
Skibotn, Norway
Aksnes, K. 5
Havnes, O. 18
Henriksen, K. 17
Solheim, J.E. 16
94 Crimea-Simeis 25
U.S.S.R.
Fokanov, S.V. 23
Merezhina, L.S. 17
Nagornyuk, S. 5
Nikolenko, I.V. 6
Shcherbanovskij, A.L. 13
95 Crimea-Nauchnij 293
U.S.S.R.
Chernykh, L.I. 51
Chernykh, N.S. 188
Karachkina, L.G. 114
Lyukhanov, K. 3
Pavlenko, E. 56
Ponomarev, D.N. 19
Prokofyeva, V. 47
Smirnova, T.M. 5
Tarashchuk, V. 56
Zhuravlyeva, L.V. 67
96 Merate 45
Italy
Barbieri, C. 3
Kranjc, A. 3
Scardia, M. 45
98 Cima Ekar - Asiago Astrophys. Obs. 18
Padua, Italy
Barbieri, C. 17
Kranjc, A. 17
Scardia, M. 18
99 Lahti 3
Finland
Salmi, J. 3
101 Kharkov 34
U.S.S.R.
Pavlenko, P.P. 34
102 Zvenigorod 17
U.S.S.R.
Bakhtigaraev, N.S. 2
Burg, B. 2
Osipenko, V.P. 15
Panferova, V.I. 1
105 Moscow 7
U.S.S.R.
Shokin, Y.A. 7
114 Engelhardt Observatory 171
Zelenchuk Station
U.S.S.R.
Kitkin, V.N. 86
Rizvanov, N. 8
Zelishchev, I.E. 85
115 Zelenchukskaya 6
U.S.S.R.
Karachentsev, I.D. 2
Nazarchuk, G.K. 4
Shapovalova, A.I. 3
Shcherbanovskij, A.L. 3
Shokin, Y.A. 3
119 Abastuman 34
U.S.S.R.
Inasaridze, R.Y. 13
Kiladze, R.I. 2
Majsuradze, G.A. 19
123 Byurakan 30
U.S.S.R.
Akhverdyan, L.G. 30
Ledovskaya, I.V. 14
129 Ordubad 153
U.S.S.R.
Bobylyev, V.V. 30
Kiselyev, A.A. 56
Malkov, A.A. 4
Novikov, S.B. 2
Shokin, Y.A. 2
Tolbin, S.V. 63
Yagudin, L.I. 44
Yagudina, E.I. 1
136 Engelhardt Observatory 9
Kazan, U.S.S.R.
Tokhtasyev, S.S. 7
Zelishchev, I.E. 9
168 Kourovskaya 164
U.S.S.R.
Barkhatova, K.A. 3
Blym, M.E. 1
Kajzer, G.T. 11
Kalinina, N.D. 36
Levitskaya, T.I. 113
Matkin, N.V. 18
Pyatkes, S.A. 30
Ryazanov, A.P. 12
Seleznev, A.F. 24
Sobolenko, G.M. 15
Tearo, A.R. 24
Timofeyev, S.N. 54
Vasilevskij, A.E. 46
Yuminova, O.G. 26
Zhukova, G.A. 12
Zvonareva, E.V. 40
186 Kitab 333
U.S.S.R.
Bashtova, L. 22
Ivanov, Y. 13
Kadyrova, N. 40
Kamalov, M. 27
Khamidov, E. 13
Khamidov, T. 4
Lejko, V. 1
Major, S.P. 37
Mirmakhmudov, E. 144
Pattakhov, E. 26
Rakhmatov, E. 179
Saidov, G. 23
Shatokhina, S.V. 32
188 Majdanak 22
U.S.S.R.
Bugaenko, O.I. 3
Novikov, S.B. 22
Shokin, Y.A. 22
190 Gissar 196
U.S.S.R.
Gerasimenko, S.I. 196
191 Dushanbe 1
U.S.S.R.
Churyumov, K.I. 1
Rspaev, F.K. 1
192 Tashkent 180
U.S.S.R.
Azizov, S.K. 111
Baltabaev, Y. 10
Khamidov, T. 125
Rakhimov, A.G. 164
Rakhmatov, A. 16
193 Sanglok 23
U.S.S.R.
Chernova, G.P. 23
Gerasimenko, S.I. 23
Kiselyev, N.N. 23
210 Alma-Ata 47
U.S.S.R.
Churyumov, K.I. 13
Gorodetskaja, N.S. 5
Gorodetskij, D.I. 39
Meleyev, H. 5
Mileyev, H. 3
Rozhkovskij, D.A. 4
Rspaev, F.K. 1
Ryabenko, I.B. 3
Solodovnikov, V.V. 5
214 Kazakh Astrophy. Inst. Coronal Sta. 4
U.S.S.R.
Gorodetskij, D.I. 3
Ryabenko, I.B. 4
Solodovnikov, V.V. 1
217 Assah 30
U.S.S.R.
Churyumov, K.I. 30
Gorodetskij, D.I. 6
Meleyev, H. 4
Rspaev, F.K. 30
219 Japal-Rangapur Observatory 6
Japal, India
Sanwal, N.B. 6
286 Yunnan Observatory 16
Kunming, China
Yan, L.S. 15
Zhang, B.L. 1
293 Burlington (Remote Site) 7
New Jersey, U.S.A.
Handley, T. 7
302 U. Of The Andes Astronomical Sta. 3
Venezuela
Ferrin, I. 3
303 Merida 17
Venezuela
Abad, C. 17
Contreras, O. 6
Moreno, F. 9
Stock, J. 17
305 Purple Mt. Observatory 27
Hainan Island Station
China
Ge, Y.L. 27
Lu, J.H. 27
Wang, D.C. 27
Wang, Q. 27
Wang, S.C. 27
Wei, S.L. 27
Yang, J.X. 27
Zhang, J.X. 27
312 Xisha Islands (Paracel Is.) 20
South China Sea
Dong, C.Z. 2
Huei, Y.Q. 2
Shao, Y.J. 2
Sun, S.S. 20
Zhang, B.L. 2
323 Perth Observatory 548
Bickley, Western Australia
Australia
Birch, P. 6
Candy, M.P. 412
Harwood, D. 4
Jekabsons, P. 426
John, A. 146
Johnston, J. 39
Kinnear, G. 55
Martin, R. 2
McGrath, A. 372
Stevens, L. 287
324 Beijing Observatory 1
Shaho Station, China
Dong, Z.Z. 1
Hao, X.L. 1
Tang, D.Y. 1
330 Purple Mountain Observatory 149
Nanking, China
Ge, Y.L. 60
Li, G.Y. 2
Lu, J.H. 63
Luo, G.S. 5
Wang, D.C. 79
Wang, Q. 84
Wang, S.C. 19
Wang, W. 2
Wei, S.L. 65
Yang, J.X. 104
Yang, J.Z. 6
Zhang, J.X. 21
334 Qingdao 176
China
Cheng, L. 11
Dong, C.Z. 11
Huei, Y.Q. 111
Ma, X.Y. 83
Shao, Y.J. 168
Song, W.Q. 113
Sun, S.S. 176
Wang, Z.L. 102
Zhang, B.L. 102
337 Zo-Se 48
China
Zhao, J.L. 48
371 Tokyo-Okayama 5
Japan
Kosai, H. 3
Watanabe, E. 2
372 Geisei 22
Japan
Seki, T. 22
378 Murou 2
Japan
Nakamura, M. 2
379 Hamamatsu 2
Japan
Tashiro, T. 2
381 Tokyo-Kiso 9
Japan
Kosai, H. 9
Yamagata, T. 3
391 Sendai Observatory 134
Ayashi Station
Ayashi, Japan
Koishikawa, M. 134
392 JCPM Sapporo Station 10
Sapporo, Japan
Kaneda, H. 9
Watanabe, K. 1
396 Asahikawa 1
Japan
Tsuchiya, K. 1
397 Sapporo Science Center 30
Sapporo, Japan
Watanabe, K. 30
399 Kushiro 2
Japan
Ueda, S. 2
413 Siding Spring Observatory 26
New South Wales, Australia
Hartley, M. 1
Russell, K. 25
414 Mount Stromlo 20
A.C.T., Australia
Ge, Y.L. 20
Lu, J.H. 20
Wang, D.C. 20
Wang, Q. 20
Wang, S.C. 20
Wei, S.L. 20
Yang, J.X. 20
Zhang, J.X. 20
415 Kambah (near Canberra) 76
New South Wales
Australia
Herald, D. 76
420 Sydney 3
New South Wales
Australia
Bembrick, C.S. 3
425 Taylor Range Observatory 3
Brisbane, Queensland
Australia
Anderson, P. 3
474 Mount John Observatory 41
Lake Tekapo, New Zealand
Gilmore, A.C. 40
Kilmartin, P. 15
482 St. Andrews 14
Scotland, United Kingdom
Stapleton, J.R. 14
483 Carter Observatory 12
Black Birch Station
New Zealand
Douglass, G.G. 12
491 Centro Astronomico De Yebes 44
Yebes, Spain
Cabanas, C. 44
De Pascual, M. 44
Garcia, J. 44
Martin-Pintado, J. 29
493 Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman 114
Calar Alto, Spain
Birkle, K. 60
Graser, U. 4
Groote, D. 4
Gruen, E. 4
Hagen, H.J. 4
Haug, U. 1
Kohoutek, L. 30
Lingenfelder, G. 2
Pauls, R. 4
Quetsch, A. 1
Thiele, U. 11
494 Stakenbridge 37
England, United Kingdom
Manning, B. 37
501 Royal Greenwich Observatory 12
Herstmonceux, England
United Kingdom
Jones, D.H.P. 12
502 Colchester 20
England, United Kingdom
Hendrie, M.J. 20
503 Cambridge 24
England, United Kingdom
Argue, A.N. 11
Shanklin, J.D. 21
509 La Seyne Sur Mer 5
France
Pinson, J. 5
528 Gottingen 3
Federal Republic of Germany
Landgraf, W. 3
544 Wilhelm Foerster Observatory 2
Berlin
Federal Republic of Germany
Dreyhsig, J. 2
Leder, N. 2
552 Osservatorio San Vittore 53
Bologna, Italy
Colombini, E. 24
Sassi, G. 49
Vacchi, C. 49
553 Chorzow 36
Poland
Firszt, T. 1
Kaminski, R. 1
Pawicka, B. 1
Sieron, W. 1
Stanek, K. 1
Syroczynski, R. 1
Szczepanski, M. 3
Wlodarczyk, I. 27
555 Cracow-Fort Skala 34
Poland
Kurpinska-Winiarska, M. 6
Waniak, W. 3
Winiarski, M. 21
Zola, S. 4
561 Piszkesteto 5
Hungary
Toth, I. 5
562 Figl Observatory 15
Vienna, Austria
Schnell, A. 15
Stockenhuber, H. 11
Stoll, M. 2
565 Brescia 20
Italy
Marinello, V. 20
Quadri, U. 20
567 Chions 3
Italy
Baur, C.R. 3
Baur, J.M. 3
568 Mauna Kea 23
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Alvarez, E.M. 3
Baudrand, J. 14
Belton, M.J.S. 3
Le Fevre, O. 9
Lecacheux, J. 9
Lelievre, G. 9
Lemonnier, D. 9
Mathez, G. 9
Meech, K.J. 6
Piscitelli, J. 1
Racine, R. 1
Sicardy, B. 5
571 Cavriana 12
Italy
Lai, L. 12
Ronchetti, I. 12
Ruzza, M. 12
Vesentini, G. 12
574 Gottolengo 1
Italy
Mattarozzi, G. 1
575 La Chaux De Fonds 13
Switzerland
Behrend, A. 13
Behrend, R. 13
576 Burwash 16
England, United Kingdom
Young, A. 16
577 Metzerlen Observatory 3
Switzerland
Trefzger, C.F. 3
580 Graz 4
Austria
Hanslmeier, A. 4
Ornig, C.W. 4
581 Sedgefield Observatory 38
South Africa
Hers, J. 38
583 Odessa - Mayaki 58
U.S.S.R.
Kramer, E. 7
Shestaka, I.S. 51
586 Pic Du Midi 2
France
Laffont, E. 2
Martinez, P. 2
656 Near Victoria 4
British Columbia, Canada
Newton, J. 4
657 Victoria 18
British Columbia, Canada
Balam, D.D. 14
Lowe, T.B. 2
Tatum, J.B. 10
662 Lick Observatory 73
Mount Hamilton
California, U.S.A.
Harland, G. 39
Jones, B.F. 32
Miller, J. 2
675 Palomar Mountain 28
California, U.S.A.
Danielson, G.E. 12
Gibson, J. 14
Helin, E. 2
Jewitt, D.C. 12
686 U. Of Minn. Ir Obs. 1
Mt. Lemmon, Arizona
U.S.A.
Levy, D. 1
Wisniewski, W. 1
688 Lowell Observatory 8
Anderson Mesa, Arizona
U.S.A.
Bus, S.J. 5
Gullixson, C. 8
Skiff, B.A. 3
691 Steward Observatory 11
Kitt Peak, Tuscon, Arizona
U.S.A.
Scotti, J.V. 11
693 Catalina Station 5
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Fink, U. 1
Karkoschka, E. 4
Schultz, P. 4
Tyler, A. 5
695 Kitt Peak National Observatory 35
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Alvarez, E.M. 1
Baum, S. 2
Beauchemin, M. 1
Belton, M.J.S. 11
Borra, E. 1
Burks, J. 2
Bushouse, H. 2
Butcher, H. 3
Djorgovski, S.G. 3
Gallagher, J. 3
Goad, J. 1
Heckman, T.M. 2
Holleran, P. 2
Howell, S. 2
Jacoby, G.H. 1
Junkkarinen, V.T. 3
Kaluzny, J. 3
Kennicutt, R.C. 1
Smith, E. 2
Spinrad, H. 4
Szkody, P. 4
Waller, W. 1
Wehinger, P.A. 4
Wyckoff, S. 3
707 Chamberlin Field Station 20
Bailey, Colorado, U.S.A.
Briggs, J. 19
Everhart, E. 2
711 McDonald Observatory 27
Fort Davis, Texas, U.S.A.
Frueh, M.L. 21
Whipple, A. 6
771 Boyeros 18
Habana, Cuba
Donal, H.P. 18
Farinyas, R. 18
Kulish, A.P. 18
Nikonov, O.V. 18
Sid, M.A. 18
Tolbin, S.V. 18
Zhilinskij, E.G. 18
781 Quito 8
Ecuador
Davila, U. 8
Espin, L. 8
Kaltygina, S.V. 8
Sizonenko, Y.V. 8
782 Comet Astrographic Station 4
Quito, Ecuador
Davila, U. 4
Espin, L. 4
Kaltygina, S.V. 4
Sizonenko, Y.V. 4
788 Mount Cuba Observatory 5
Greenville, Delaware
U.S.A.
Bock, G. 5
Jackson, S. 5
Stock, R.F. 5
792 University of Rhode Island 11
Quonochontaug, Rhode Island
U.S.A.
Penhallow, W.S. 11
801 Oak Ridge Observatory 33
Harvard, Massachusetts
U.S.A.
McCrosky, R.E. 31
Schwartz, G.. 29
Shao, C.Y. 27
805 Santiago-Cerro El Roble 273
Chile
Torres, C. 241
Wroblewski, H. 143
807 Cerro Tololo Observatory 4
La Serena, Chile
Meech, K.J. 4
808 El Leoncito 32
Argentina
Cesco, M.R. 13
Lopez, C.E. 32
Sanguin, J.G. 13
Vicentela, J.A. 13
809 European Southern Observatory 139
La Silla, Chile
Danziger, J. 2
Debehogne, H. 3
Ferreri, W. 16
Louys, L. 15
Monderen, P. 15
Pedersen, H.E. 29
Shaver, P. 2
West, R.M. 107
820 Tarija 23
Bolivia
Potter, H.I. 23
821 Cordoba-Bosque Alegre 16
Argentina
Pereyra, Z.M. 16
822 Cordoba 11
Argentina
Pereyra, Z.M. 11
881 Toyota 3
Japan
Suzuki, K. 3
889 Karasuyama 1
Japan
Inoda, S. 1
892 YGCO Hoshikawa and Nagano Stations 2
Japan
Hayakawa, S. 2
Kojima, T. 2
893 Sendai Municipal Observatory 5
Sendai, Japan
Koishikawa, M. 3
Yusa, T. 5
950 La Palma 1
Canary Islands
Argyle, R. 1
Wall, J.V. 1
975 Valencia 15
Spain
Artes, P.J. 15
Lopez, G.A. 15
Lopez, M.R. 15
Lopez, O.J.A. 15
976 Leamington Spa 3
England, United Kingdom
Johnstone, G. 3
978 Conder Brow 9
England, United Kingdom
Buczynski, D.G. 9
Greenwood, J.D. 9
979 South Wonston 1
England, United Kingdom
Arbour, R.W. 1
980 Lancaster 2
England, United Kingdom
Waddington, W.G. 2
984 Eastfield 15
England, United Kingdom
Buczynski, D.G. 1
Ridley, H.B. 15
993 Woolston Observatory 1
England, United Kingdom
Dykes, M.R. 1
Waterfield, R. 1
996 Oxford 36
England, United Kingdom
Waddington, W.G. 36
________________________________________________________________________
Table VII. Observer Index
________________________________________________________
Observer Observatory Number of
Code(s) Observations
________________________________________________________
Abad, C. 303 17
Akhverdyan, L.G. 123 30
Aksnes, K. 93 5
Alexiu, A. 73 2
Alksnis, A.K. 69 26
Alvarez, E.M. 568,695 4
Anderson, P. 425 3
Antal, M. 92 19
Arbour, R.W. 979 1
Argue, A.N. 503 11
Argyle, R. 950 1
Artes, P.J. 975 15
Azizov, S.K. 192 111
Bagus, B.B. 87 10
Bakhtigaraev, N.S. 87,102 12
Balam, D.D. 657 14
Baltabaev, Y. 192 10
Barbieri, C. 96,98 20
Barkhatova, K.A. 168 3
Bartheleme, A. 10 5
Bashtova, L. 186 22
Baudrand, J. 568 14
Baum, S. 695 2
Baur, C.R. 567 3
Baur, J.M. 567 3
Beauchemin, M. 695 1
Behrend, A. 575 13
Behrend, R. 575 13
Belton, M.J.S. 568,695 14
Bembrick, C.S. 420 3
Benest, D. 20 1
Birch, P. 323 6
Birkle, K. 493 60
Blym, M.E. 168 1
Bobylyev, V.V. 84,129 33
Bock, G. 788 5
Bocsa, G. 73 2
Boerngen, F. 33 25
Bonev, T. 71 21
Borra, E. 695 1
Briggs, J. 707 19
Bronikova, N.M. 84 7
Buczynski, D.G. 978,984 10
Bugaenko, O.I. 188 3
Burg, B. 102 2
Burks, J. 695 2
Bus, S.J. 688 5
Bushouse, H. 695 2
Butcher, H. 695 3
Cabanas, C. 491 44
Candy, M.P. 323 412
Cepa, J. 6 1
Cervak, G. 56 110
Cesco, M.R. 808 13
Chanal, R. 91 14
Cheng, L. 334 11
Chernova, G.P. 193 23
Chernykh, L.I. 95 51
Chernykh, N.S. 95 188
Churms, J. 51 83
Churyumov, K.I. 85,191,210,217 49
Cirova, H. 71 16
Codina, J.M. 6 123
Colombini, E. 552 24
Contreras, O. 303 6
Czelusniak, H. 47 1
Danielson, G.E. 675 12
Danziger, J. 809 2
Davila, U. 781,782 12
De Pascual, M. 491 44
Debehogne, H. 12,809 25
Djorgovski, S.G. 695 3
Donal, H.P. 771 18
Dong, C.Z. 312,334 13
Dong, Z.Z. 324 1
Douglass, G.G. 483 12
Dreyhsig, J. 544 2
Dykes, M.R. 993 1
Eglitis, I.E. 69 14
El-Khilali, Y. 87 10
Elst, E. 17 14
Espin, L. 781,782 12
Everhart, E. 707 2
Farinyas, R. 771 18
Ferreri, W. 22,809 45
Ferrin, I. 302 3
Fink, U. 693 1
Firszt, T. 553 1
Fokanov, S.V. 94 23
Frueh, M.L. 711 21
Galas, T.Y. 61 37
Gallagher, J. 695 3
Garcia, J. 491 44
Ge, Y.L. 305,330,414 107
Geffert, D. 17 5
Geffert, M. 17 21
Georgieva, A. 71 62
Gerasimenko, S.I. 190,193 219
Geyer, E. 17 14
Gibson, J. 675 14
Gilmore, A.C. 474 40
Goad, J. 695 1
Goerze, M. 24 1
Golovnya, V.V. 83 12
Gorel, G.K. 89 67
Gorodetskaja, N.S. 210 5
Gorodetskij, D.I. 210,214,217 48
Goroshchak, I.I. 61 81
Gorze, U. 24 2
Grasberg, E.K. 69 17
Graser, U. 493 4
Greenwood, J.D. 978 9
Gromadzinski, M. 47 3
Groote, D. 493 4
Gruen, E. 493 4
Gudkova, L.A. 89 21
Gullixson, C. 688 8
Gvardionov, A.B. 61 9
Haarala, S. 63 6
Haenel, A. 17 34
Hagen, H.J. 493 4
Handley, T. 293 7
Hanslmeier, A. 580 4
Hao, X.L. 324 1
Harland, G. 662 39
Hartley, M. 413 1
Harwood, D. 323 4
Haug, U. 493 1
Havnes, O. 93 18
Hayakawa, S. 892 2
Heckman, T.M. 695 2
Helin, E. 675 2
Hendrie, M.J. 502 20
Henriksen, K. 93 17
Herald, D. 415 76
Heras, A.M. 6 1
Hernandez, M. 6 13
Hers, J. 581 38
Heudier, J. 10 5
Holleran, P. 695 2
Howell, S. 695 2
Huei, Y.Q. 312,334 113
Hurnik, H.H. 47 2
Ignatovich, S.I. 61 72
Inasaridze, R.Y. 119 13
Inoda, S. 889 1
Ivanov, Y. 186 13
Ivanova, V. 71 107
Ivashchenko, Y.N. 83 10
Izhakevich, E.M. 83 13
Jackson, P. 45 33
Jackson, S. 788 5
Jacoby, G.H. 695 1
Jekabsons, P. 323 426
Jewitt, D.C. 675 12
John, A. 323 146
Johnston, J. 323 39
Johnstone, G. 976 3
Jones, B.F. 662 32
Jones, D.H.P. 501 12
Junkkarinen, V.T. 695 3
Kadyrova, N. 186 40
Kajzer, G.T. 168 11
Kalinenkov, N.D. 89 93
Kalinina, N.D. 168 36
Kaltygina, S.V. 83,781,782 13
Kaluzny, J. 695 3
Kamalov, M. 186 27
Kaminski, R. 553 1
Kaneda, H. 392 9
Karachentsev, I.D. 115 2
Karachkina, L.G. 95 114
Karkoschka, E. 693 4
Kennicutt, R.C. 695 1
Khamidov, E. 186 13
Khamidov, T. 186,192 129
Kiefer, E. 24 2
Kiefer, P. 24 2
Kiladze, R.I. 119 2
Kilmartin, P. 474 15
Kinnear, G. 323 55
Kirova, H. 71 17
Kiseleva, T.P. 84 8
Kiselyev, A.A. 84,129 64
Kiselyev, N.N. 193 23
Kitkin, V.N. 114 86
Kizyun, L.N. 83 1
Kohoutek, L. 493 30
Koishikawa, M. 391,893 137
Kojima, T. 892 2
Kornos, L. 56 41
Kosai, H. 371,381 12
Kramer, E. 583 7
Kranjc, A. 96,98 20
Krawczyk, S. 92 24
Kulish, A.P. 771 18
Kurpinska-Winiarska, M. 555 6
Laffont, E. 586 2
Lagerkvist, C.I. 49 14
Lai, L. 571 12
Landgraf, W. 46,90,528 13
Lappalainen, T. 63 6
Le Fevre, O. 10,568 10
Lecacheux, J. 568 9
Leder, N. 544 2
Ledovskaya, I.V. 83,123 21
Lejko, V. 186 1
Lelievre, G. 568 9
Lemonnier, D. 568 9
Lepeshnikova, S.A. 84 16
Levitskaya, T.I. 168 113
Levy, D. 686 1
Li, G.Y. 330 2
Lingenfelder, G. 493 2
Lopez, C.E. 808 32
Lopez, G.A. 975 15
Lopez, M.R. 975 15
Lopez, O.J.A. 975 15
Louys, L. 809 15
Lowe, T.B. 657 2
Lu, J.H. 305,330,414 110
Ludwig, F. 33 13
Luo, G.S. 330 5
Lyukhanov, K. 95 3
Ma, X.Y. 334 83
Maazik, M. 75 4
Madejsky, R. 24 1
Major, S.P. 71,83,186 51
Majsuradze, G.A. 119 19
Malkov, A.A. 129 4
Mandel, H. 24 8
Mandel, U. 24 1
Manning, B. 494 37
Marinello, V. 565 20
Martin, R. 323 2
Martin-Pintado, J. 491 29
Martinez, P. 586 2
Massone, G. 22 35
Mathez, G. 568 9
Matkin, N.V. 168 18
Mattarozzi, G. 574 1
Matz, D. 47 11
Mau, K.H. 33 12
McCrosky, R.E. 801 31
McGrath, A. 323 372
Meech, K.J. 568,807 10
Meleyev, H. 210,217 9
Merezhina, L.S. 94 17
Mileyev, H. 210 3
Miller, J. 662 2
Mirmakhmudov, E. 186 144
Monderen, P. 809 15
Moreno, F. 303 9
Moreno, M. 6 11
Mrkos, A. 46 267
Muciek, M. 92 20
Nagornyuk, S. 94 5
Nakamura, M. 378 2
Narizhnaya, M.V. 84 3
Nazarchuk, G.K. 115 4
Newton, J. 656 4
Niemi, A. 63 12
Nikolenko, I.V. 94 6
Nikonov, O.V. 771 18
Novikov, S.B. 129,188 24
Nunez, J. 6 40
Ochnik, R. 47 5
Oja, T. 49 14
Olevic, D. 57 1
Ornig, C.W. 580 4
Osipenko, V.P. 102 15
Ozolinya, V. 69 29
Panferova, V.I. 102 1
Pattakhov, E. 186 26
Pauls, R. 493 4
Pauwels, T. 12 20
Pavlenko, E. 95 56
Pavlenko, P.P. 101 34
Pawicka, B. 553 1
Pedersen, H.E. 809 29
Penhallow, W.S. 792 11
Pereyra, Z.M. 821,822 27
Piironen, J. 63 6
Pinson, J. 509 5
Piscitelli, J. 568 1
Platajs, I.K. 69 23
Polishchuk, N.D. 61 73
Pollas, C. 10 6
Ponomarev, D.N. 95 19
Potter, H.I. 820 23
Prokofyeva, V. 95 47
Protitch-Benishek, V. 57 34
Pundure, I. 69 2
Pyatkes, S.A. 168 30
Quadri, U. 565 20
Quetsch, A. 493 1
Racine, R. 568 1
Radeva, V. 71 12
Rakhimov, A.G. 192 164
Rakhmatov, A. 192 16
Rakhmatov, E. 186 179
Raudsaar, X. 75 4
Ridley, H.B. 984 15
Riemann, R. 90 5
Rizvanov, N. 114 8
Roberts, G. 51 17
Ronchetti, I. 571 12
Rozhkovskij, D.A. 210 4
Rspaev, F.K. 191,210,217 32
Russell, K. 413 25
Ruzza, M. 571 12
Ryabenko, I.B. 210,214 7
Ryazanov, A.P. 168 12
Rychtarcik, P. 56 110
Rydzinskis, A. 69 3
Safronov, Y.I. 83 9
Saidov, G. 186 23
Salmi, J. 99 3
Sanchez, F. 6 1
Sanguin, J.G. 808 13
Sanwal, N.B. 219 6
Sassi, G. 552 49
Scardia, M. 96,98 63
Schiffer, H.J. 24 5
Schnell, A. 562 15
Schultz, P. 693 4
Schwartz, G. 801 29
Scotti, J.V. 691 11
Seki, T. 372 22
Seleznev, A.F. 168 24
Sereda, E.M. 83 11
Shanklin, J.D. 503 21
Shao, C.Y. 801 27
Shao, Y.J. 312,334 170
Shapovalova, A.I. 115 3
Shatokhina, S.V. 83,186 47
Shaver, P. 809 2
Shcherbanovskij, A.L. 94,115 16
Shestaka, I.S. 583 51
Shkodrov, V. 71 98
Shokin, Y.A. 105,115,129,188 34
Sicardy, B. 568 5
Sid, M.A. 771 18
Sieron, W. 553 1
Sillanpaa, A. 63 6
Sizonenko, Y.V. 83,781,782 17
Skiff, B.A. 688 3
Smirnova, K.E. 85 2
Smirnova, T.M. 95 5
Smith, E. 695 2
Sobolenko, G.M. 168 15
Solheim, J.E. 93 16
Solodovnikov, V.V. 210,214 6
Song, W.Q. 334 113
Spinrad, H. 695 4
Stanek, K. 553 1
Stapleton, J.R. 482 14
Stevens, L. 323 287
Stock, J. 303 17
Stock, R.F. 788 5
Stockenhuber, H. 562 11
Stoll, M. 562 2
Sun, S.S. 312,334 196
Suzuki, K. 881 3
Svoren, J. 56 47
Swierkowska, S. 47 9
Syroczynski, R. 553 1
Szczepanski, M. 553 3
Szkody, P. 695 4
Tang, D.Y. 324 1
Tanzer, G. 33 10
Tarashchuk, V. 95 56
Tashiro, T. 379 2
Tatum, J.B. 657 10
Tearo, A.R. 168 24
Telnyuk, V.V. 85 25
Thiele, U. 493 11
Timofeyev, S.N. 168 54
Tokhtasyev, S.S. 136 7
Tolbin, S.V. 129,771 81
Torres, C. 805 241
Toth, I. 561 5
Tovadrus, M.Y. 87 10
Trefzger, C.F. 577 3
Tsuchiya, K. 396 1
Tyler, A. 693 5
Ueda, S. 399 2
Urgitis, I.I. 69 16
Vacchi, C. 552 49
Vasilevskij, A.E. 168 46
Vavrova, Z. 46 32
Vesentini, G. 571 12
Vicentela, J.A. 808 13
Vorinka, S.I. 61 27
Voronenko, V.I. 89 128
Waddington, W.G. 980,996 38
Wall, J.V. 950 1
Waller, W. 695 1
Wang, D.C. 305,330,414 126
Wang, Q. 305,330,414 131
Wang, S.C. 305,330,414 66
Wang, W. 330 2
Wang, Z.L. 334 102
Waniak, W. 555 3
Watanabe, E. 371 2
Watanabe, K. 392,397 31
Waterfield, R. 993 1
Wehinger, P.A. 695 4
Wei, S.L. 305,330,414 112
West, R.M. 809 107
Whipple, A. 711 6
Wild, P. 26 20
Winiarski, M. 555 21
Wisniewski, W. 686 1
Wlodarczyk, I. 553 27
Woszczyk, A. 92 11
Wroblewski, H. 805 143
Wyckoff, S. 695 3
Yagudin, L.I. 129 44
Yagudina, E.I. 129 1
Yamagata, T. 381 3
Yan, L.S. 286 15
Yang, J.X. 305,330,414 151
Yang, J.Z. 330 6
Yatsenko, A.I. 83 1
Young, A. 576 16
Yuminova, O.G. 168 26
Yusa, T. 893 5
Zelishchev, I.E. 114,136 94
Zhang, B.L. 286,312,334 105
Zhang, J.X. 305,330,414 68
Zhao, J.L. 337 48
Zhilinskij, E.G. 771 18
Zhukova, G.A. 168 12
Zhuravlyeva, L.V. 95 67
Zola, S. 555 4
Zvonareva, E.V. 168 40
________________________________________________________
Table VIII. Differences TDT-UTC (ET-UTC)
_________________________________________
Date ET-UTC(s)
TDT-UTC(s)
_________________________________________
1982 July 1.0 53.18
1983 July 1.0 54.18
1985 July 1.0 55.18
1988 Jan. 1.0 56.18
_________________________________________
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